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熱門(mén)關(guān)鍵詞： 光伏太陽(yáng)能板天窗 防水光伏太陽(yáng)能電池板 U玻璃光伏太陽(yáng)能電池板
1、組件的電壓和蓄電池的電壓要匹配，PWM型控制器太陽(yáng)能組件和蓄電池之間通過(guò)一個(gè)電子開(kāi)關(guān)相連接，中間沒(méi)有電感等裝置，組件的電壓是蓄電池的電壓1.2-2.0倍之間，如果是24V的蓄電池，組件輸入電壓在30-50V之間，MPPT控制器，中間有一個(gè)功率開(kāi)關(guān)管和電感等電路，組件的電壓是蓄電池的電壓1.2-3.5倍之間，如果是24V的蓄電池，組件輸入電壓在30-90V之間。
2、組件的輸出功率和控制器的功率要相近，如一個(gè)48V30A的控制器，輸出功率為1440VA，組件的功率應(yīng)該在1500W左右。選擇控制器時(shí)，先看蓄電池的電壓，再用組件功率除以蓄電池的電壓，就是控制器的輸出電流。
3、如果一臺(tái)逆變器功率不夠，需要多臺(tái)逆變器并聯(lián)，光伏離網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)輸出連接負(fù)載，每個(gè)逆變器輸出端電壓和電流相位和幅值都不一樣，逆變器如果輸出端并聯(lián)，要加上有并機(jī)功能的逆變器。
1
故障分析
沒(méi)有蓄電池直流輸入，逆變器LCD電源是由蓄電池供電的。
可能原因
（1）蓄電池電壓不夠。蓄電池剛出廠(chǎng)時(shí)，一般都會(huì)充滿(mǎn)電，但蓄電池如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不用，也會(huì)慢慢放完（自放電）。離網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)電壓有12V、24V、48V、96V等多種，有的應(yīng)用要多個(gè)蓄電池串聯(lián)才到滿(mǎn)足系統(tǒng)電壓，如果連接電纜沒(méi)做好，也會(huì)造成蓄電池電壓不夠。
（2）蓄電池端子接反。蓄電池端子有正負(fù)兩極，一般是紅色接正極，黑色接負(fù)極。
（3）直流開(kāi)關(guān)沒(méi)有合上或開(kāi)關(guān)故障。
解決辦法
（1）如果是蓄電池電壓不夠，系統(tǒng)不能工作，太陽(yáng)能不能給蓄電池充電，要去另外找一個(gè)地方先把蓄電池充到30%以上。
（2）如果是線(xiàn)路的問(wèn)題，用萬(wàn)用表電壓檔測(cè)量各個(gè)蓄電池電壓。電壓正常時(shí)，總電壓是各蓄電池電壓之和。如果沒(méi)有電壓，依次檢測(cè)直流開(kāi)關(guān)，接線(xiàn)端子，電纜接頭等是否正常
（3）如果蓄電池電壓正常，接線(xiàn)正常，開(kāi)關(guān)也打開(kāi)了，逆變器還是沒(méi)有顯示，則可能是逆變器發(fā)生故障，要通知廠(chǎng)家檢修。
2
故障分析
蓄電池是通過(guò)光伏組件和控制器，或者市電和控制器來(lái)充電的。
可能原因
（1）組件原因：組件電壓不夠，陽(yáng)光偏低，組件和直流電纜接線(xiàn)不好。
（2）蓄電池電路接線(xiàn)不好。
（3）蓄電池已充滿(mǎn)，達(dá)到最高電壓。
解決辦法
（1）依次檢測(cè)直流開(kāi)關(guān)、接線(xiàn)端子、電纜接頭、組件、蓄電池等是否正常。如果有多路組件，要分開(kāi)單獨(dú)接入測(cè)試。
（2）當(dāng)蓄電池達(dá)到滿(mǎn)荷電時(shí)，就不能再充電了，但不同的蓄電池充滿(mǎn)電時(shí)電壓不一樣，如額定電壓為12V的蓄電池，充滿(mǎn)電時(shí)電壓在12.8~13.5V之間，主要和蓄電池滿(mǎn)荷電時(shí)的電解液比重有關(guān)。要根據(jù)蓄電池的型號(hào)調(diào)整最高限壓。
（3）輸入過(guò)流：蓄電池的充電電流一般為0.1C-0.2C，最大不超過(guò)0.3C，例如1節(jié)鉛酸蓄電池12V200AH，充電電流一般在20A到40A之間，最大不能超過(guò)60A。組件功率要和控制器功率相配合。
（4）輸入過(guò)壓：組件輸入電壓過(guò)高，檢查電池板電壓，若確實(shí)高，可能原因?yàn)殡姵匕迮渲么當(dāng)?shù)過(guò)多，減少電池板串?dāng)?shù)
3
故障分析
負(fù)載功率大于逆變器或者蓄電池功率。
可能原因
（1）逆變器過(guò)載：逆變器過(guò)載超出時(shí)間范圍，負(fù)載功率超出最大值，調(diào)整負(fù)載大小。
（2）蓄電池過(guò)載：放電電流一般為0.2C-0.3C，最大不超過(guò)0.5C，1節(jié)12V200AH鉛酸蓄電池，輸出最大功率不超過(guò)2400W，不同的廠(chǎng)家，不同的型號(hào)，具體的數(shù)值也不一樣。
（3）負(fù)載是電梯之類(lèi)的負(fù)載不能直接和逆變器輸出端相連接，因?yàn)殡娞菰谙陆禃r(shí)，電動(dòng)機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)反電動(dòng)勢(shì)，進(jìn)入逆變器時(shí)，對(duì)逆變器有損壞。如果必須要用離網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)，建議在逆變器和電梯電動(dòng)機(jī)之間加一個(gè)變頻器。
（4）感性負(fù)載啟動(dòng)功率過(guò)大。
解決辦法
負(fù)載的額定功率要低于逆變器功率，負(fù)載的峰值功率不能大于逆變器額定功率的1.5倍。
1
開(kāi)路電壓低，閉路電壓(放電)很快達(dá)到終止電壓。大電流放電時(shí)，端電壓迅速下降到零。開(kāi)路時(shí)，電解液密度很低，在低溫環(huán)境中電解液會(huì)出現(xiàn)結(jié)冰現(xiàn)象。充電時(shí)，電壓上升很慢，始終保持低值(有時(shí)降為零)。充電時(shí)，電解液溫度上升很高很快。充電時(shí)，電解液密度上升很慢或幾乎無(wú)變化。充電時(shí)不冒氣泡或冒氣出現(xiàn)很晚。
造成鉛酸蓄電池內(nèi)部短路的原因主要有以下幾個(gè)方面：
隔板質(zhì)量不好或缺損，使極板活性物質(zhì)穿過(guò)，致使正、負(fù)極板虛接觸或直接接觸。隔板竄位致使正負(fù)極板相連。極板上活性物質(zhì)膨脹脫落，因脫落的活性物質(zhì)沉積過(guò)多，致使正、負(fù)極板下部邊緣或側(cè)面邊緣與沉積物相互接觸而造成正負(fù)極板相連。導(dǎo)電物體落入電池內(nèi)造成正、負(fù)極板相連。
2
（1）鉛蓄電池在充電過(guò)程中電壓上升的很快，其初期和終期電壓過(guò)高，終期充電電壓可達(dá)2.90V／單格左右。
（2）在放電過(guò)程中，電壓降低很快，即過(guò)早的降至終止電壓，所以其容量比其它電池顯著降低。
（3）充電時(shí)，電解液溫度上升的快，易超過(guò)45℃。
（4）充電時(shí)，電解液密度低于正常值，且充電時(shí)過(guò)早地發(fā)生氣泡。
造成極板硫酸化主要有以下幾方面的原因：
（1）鉛蓄電池初充電不足或初充電中斷時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。
（2）鉛蓄電池長(zhǎng)期充電不足。
（3）放電后未能及時(shí)充電。
（4）經(jīng)常過(guò)量放電或小電流深放電。
（5）電解液密度過(guò)高或者溫度過(guò)高，硫酸鉛將深入形成不易恢復(fù)。
（6）鉛酸蓄電池?cái)R置時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，長(zhǎng)期不使用而未定期充電。
There is no unified specification for photovoltaic off-grid system. It should be designed according to the needs of users, mainly considering the selection and calculation of components, inverters, controllers, batteries, cables, switches and other equipment. Before the design, the preliminary work should be done well. It is necessary to understand the user's load type and power, the climatic conditions of the installation site, and the user's electricity consumption. After the demand is clear, the plan can be done well.
The picture
1, the voltage of the component and the voltage of the battery to match, PWM controller between the solar module and the battery through an electronic switch connected, there is no inductive device in the middle, the voltage of the component is between 1.2-2.0 times the voltage of the battery, if it is the 24V battery, the input voltage of the component is between 30-50V, MPPT controller, There is a power switch tube and inductor circuit in the middle, the voltage of the component is between 1.2-3.5 times of the voltage of the battery, if it is a 24V battery, the input voltage of the component is between 30-90V.
2, the output power of the component and the power of the controller should be close, such as a 48V30A controller, the output power is 1440VA, the power of the component should be about 1500W. When selecting the controller, first look at the battery voltage, and then divide the component power by the battery voltage, is the output current of the controller.
3, if an inverter power is not enough, the need for multiple inverters in parallel, photovoltaic off-grid system output connection load, each inverter output voltage and current phase and amplitude are different, if the inverter output parallel, to add a parallel function of the inverter.
The picture
Common problems during off-network system debugging
1
The inverter LCD is not displayed
01
Failure analysis
There is no battery DC input, the inverter LCD power supply is powered by the battery.
02
Possible reasons for
(1) Battery voltage is not enough. When the battery just leaves the factory, it is generally full of electricity, but if the battery is not used for a long time, it will slowly run out (self-discharge). Off-grid system voltage is 12V, 24V, 48V, 96V and other kinds of, some applications to multiple battery series to meet the system voltage, if the connection cable is not good, will also cause battery voltage is not enough.
(2) The battery terminal is improperly connected. Battery terminals have positive and negative poles, usually red to the positive pole and black to the negative pole.
(3) Dc switch is not closed or the switch is faulty.
03
The solution
(1) If the battery voltage is not enough, the system can not work, the solar energy can not charge the battery, to find another place to charge the battery to more than 30%.
(2) If it is the fault of the line, use a multimeter to measure the voltage of each battery. When the voltage is normal, the total voltage is the sum of all battery voltages. If there is no voltage, check whether the DC switch, wiring terminals, and cable connectors are normal
(3) If the battery voltage is normal, the wiring is normal, the switch is opened, and the inverter is still not displayed, the inverter may be faulty, and the manufacturer should be notified for maintenance.
2
The battery cannot be charged
01
Failure analysis
Batteries are charged by photovoltaic modules and controllers, or mains and controllers.
02
Possible reasons for
(1) Component cause: component voltage is insufficient, sunlight is low, and the connection between component and DC cable is not good.
(2) The battery circuit is not connected properly.
(3) The battery is full and reaches the maximum voltage.
03
The solution
(1) Check the DC switches, wiring terminals, cable connectors, components, and batteries in sequence. If there are multiple components, connect them separately for testing.
(2) when the battery is fully charged, it can no longer be charged, but the voltage is not the same when the battery is fully charged, such as the rated voltage of 12V battery, when the voltage is fully charged between 12.8 and 13.5V, mainly related to the proportion of electrolyte when the battery is fully charged. Adjust the maximum voltage limit according to the type of the battery.
(3) Input overcurrent: The charging current of batteries is generally 0.1C-0.2c, and the maximum charging current is no more than 0.3c. For example, the charging current of a lead-acid battery 12V200AH is generally between 20A and 40A, and the maximum charging current cannot exceed 60A. The component power must be matched with the controller power.
(4) Input overvoltage: The input voltage of the component is too high. Check the voltage of the panel. If it is indeed high, the possible reason is that the number of panels is too many and the number of panels is reduced
3
The inverter shows overload or does not start
01
Failure analysis
The load power is greater than that of the inverter or battery.
02
Possible reasons for
(1) Inverter overload: the inverter overload exceeds the time range, and the load power exceeds the maximum value. Adjust the load size.
(2) Battery overload: the discharge current is generally 0.2C-0.3c, and the maximum is no more than 0.5C. The maximum output power of one 12V200AH lead-acid battery is no more than 2400W. Different manufacturers and models have different specific values.
(3) The load is the load such as the elevator can not be directly connected to the output end of the inverter, because when the elevator falls, the motor reverses, and a back electromotive force will be generated. When entering the inverter, the inverter will be damaged. If off-grid system must be used, it is recommended to add a frequency converter between the inverter and the elevator motor.
(4) The starting power of inductive load is too large.
03
The solution
The rated power of the load must be lower than that of the inverter, and the peak power of the load cannot be more than 1.5 times of the rated power of the inverter.
The picture
Common Problems with Batteries
1
Short circuit phenomenon and causes
Lead acid battery short circuit refers to the lead acid battery internal positive and negative electrode group connected. Lead acid battery short circuit is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
Open circuit voltage is low, the closed circuit voltage (discharge) quickly reaches the stop voltage. When discharging with high current, the terminal voltage drops rapidly to zero. When open circuit, electrolyte density is very low, in low temperature environment electrolyte will appear ice phenomenon. When charging, the voltage rises slowly and remains low (sometimes falling to zero). When charging, the temperature of the electrolyte rises very high and very quickly. When charging, electrolyte density rises slowly or hardly changes. Charging without bubbles or gas appearing very late.
Causes of lead acid battery internal short circuit mainly include the following aspects:
The diaphragm quality is not good or defective, so that the plate active substance through, resulting in positive and negative plate virtual contact or direct contact. The partition plate channeling causes the positive and negative plates to be connected. The active material on the plate expands and falls off. Because the active material deposited too much, the lower edge or side edge of the positive and negative plates contact each other with the sediments, resulting in the positive and negative plates being connected. A conductive object falls into the battery and connects the positive and negative plates.
2
Phenomenon and reason of plate acidification
Plate sulphuric acid is lead sulphate which forms white hard crystals on the plate and is very difficult to convert into active substances when charging. There are mainly the following phenomena after sulphation of lead-acid battery plate:
(1) The voltage of lead battery rises rapidly in the charging process, and its initial and final voltage is too high, and the final charging voltage can reach about 2.90V/single cell.
(2) In the discharge process, the voltage drops quickly, that is, prematurely to the termination voltage, so its capacity is significantly lower than other batteries.
(3) When charging, the temperature of the electrolyte rises quickly and easily exceeds 45℃.
(4) When charging, the electrolyte density is lower than normal, and bubbles occur prematurely when charging.
The main reasons for plate acidification are as follows:
(1) Lead battery initial charge is insufficient or initial charge interruption time is long.
(2) Long-term insufficient charge of lead battery.
(3) Failed to charge in time after discharge.
(4) often excessive discharge or small current deep discharge.
(5) If the electrolyte density is too high or the temperature is too high, lead sulfate will form deeply and it is not easy to recover.
(6) lead-acid battery for a long time, long-term use without regular charging.
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