一、系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成

     離網(wǎng)型太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)主要由太陽(yáng)能電池板、蓄電池組、太陽(yáng)能控制器、變換器和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)等五大部分組成。圖一為光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)示意圖，圖二為系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成原理框圖。各部分的功能和作用是：

1、 光伏電池板：它是光伏發(fā)電的核心，其作用是太陽(yáng)輻射能直接轉(zhuǎn)換為直流電能供給負(fù)載或儲(chǔ)存在蓄電池中。

2、 光伏控制器：由于一般的單晶硅或多晶硅光伏電池板輸出為電流源型，不能直接輸出給負(fù)載和電池，需要通過(guò)光伏控制器將其變換為蓄電池可接受的穩(wěn)定的電壓或電流，實(shí)現(xiàn)蓄電池的有效充電或供給外接負(fù)載。光伏控制器還能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)蓄電池組的過(guò)沖和過(guò)放保護(hù)功能。

3、 逆變器；如果要求輸出為直流，則可以通過(guò)該部分將蓄電池的電壓轉(zhuǎn)換成不同的直流電壓以適應(yīng)不同的負(fù)載設(shè)備。如果輸出為交流，則可通過(guò)直流電變?yōu)榻涣麟?/span> 220V(單相）、380V（三相），對(duì)于家庭用，該部分一般采購(gòu)交流逆變器。

4、監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)：該部分的主要作用是監(jiān)控各部分的工作參數(shù)和工作狀態(tài)，同時(shí)提供人機(jī)操作界面。

圖一  離網(wǎng)型光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)示意圖

圖二、離網(wǎng)型光伏發(fā)電構(gòu)成原理圖

二、系統(tǒng)功能及特點(diǎn) 

1、能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)蓄電池組的恒壓、恒流充電和充電過(guò)程的自動(dòng)管理；  

2、具有太陽(yáng)能最大功率點(diǎn)跟蹤控制功能（ MPPT），發(fā)揮光伏電池的最大功效；  3 、逆變器交流輸出波形正弦度好，輸出電壓穩(wěn)定，抗擾能力強(qiáng)； 

4、保護(hù)功能完善，具有蓄電池過(guò)充、過(guò)放、輸出過(guò)壓、過(guò)流、短路等多種保護(hù)；  

5、具有交流電網(wǎng)供電后備功能，當(dāng)多日無(wú)太陽(yáng)光照，蓄電池儲(chǔ)存電能無(wú)法滿足輸出供電時(shí)，系統(tǒng)可自動(dòng)切換為交流市電供電，由于采用直流側(cè)無(wú)間斷切換，交流輸出無(wú)間斷現(xiàn)象；  6、友好的人機(jī)操作界面、完善的監(jiān)控功能，系統(tǒng)采用大尺寸觸摸液晶屏，操控方便、顯示直觀；  

三、系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)領(lǐng)域 

1、家庭供電：特別適用于獨(dú)立式居住的家庭，如城市別墅區(qū)、農(nóng)村家庭。對(duì)于城市居民小區(qū)，居住在頂樓的住戶或私家陽(yáng)臺(tái)較大的家庭也較合適；  

2、學(xué)校供電：特別適用于中小學(xué)和幼兒園，在這些地方，一般白天用電較多，且用電量不大；  

3、醫(yī)院供電：可與醫(yī)院的應(yīng)急供電系統(tǒng)融合在一起，可有效提高醫(yī)院的應(yīng)急電源的可靠性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性；  

4、城市小區(qū)公共供電：可安裝在城市小區(qū)公共部分，接入小區(qū)的公用電房，作為小區(qū)公用電使用；  

3、政府部門、企事業(yè)單位辦公大樓供電：集中安裝在辦公大樓的頂層，作為公用電接入大樓低壓配電柜中。

I. System structure  

Off-grid solar photovoltaic power generation system is mainly composed of solar panels, batteries, solar controller, converter and monitoring system.  Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of photovoltaic power generation system, and Figure 2 is a block diagram of system composition.  The functions and functions of each part are:  

1, photovoltaic panel: it is the core of photovoltaic power generation, its role is to directly convert solar radiation into direct current power supply load or stored in the battery.  

2, photovoltaic controller: because the output of the general monocrystalline silicon or polysilicon photovoltaic panel is the current source type, it can not be directly output to the load and battery, it needs to be transformed into a stable voltage or current acceptable to the battery through the photovoltaic controller, to realize the effective charging of the battery or supply external load.   The photovoltaic controller can also realize the protection function of overshoot and overdischarge of the battery.  

3. Inverter;  If dc output is required, the battery voltage can be converted to different DC voltages through this part to adapt to different load devices.  If the output is AC, it can be changed into AC 220V(single-phase) and 380V (three-phase) through direct current. For family use, ac inverters are generally purchased for this part.  

4, monitoring system: the main role of this part is to monitor the working parameters and working status of each part, while providing man-machine operation interface.  

FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of off-grid PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation system  

The picture  

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of off-grid photovoltaic power generation  

The picture  

Ii. System functions and characteristics  

1, can realize the battery constant voltage, constant current charging and charging process automatic management;  

2, with solar maximum power point tracking control function (MPPT), to maximize the efficiency of photovoltaic cells;  3, inverter AC output waveform sine, stable output voltage, strong disturbance resistance;  

4, perfect protection function, with battery overcharge, overdischarge, output overvoltage, overcurrent, short circuit and other protection;  

5, with ac power supply backup function, when there is no sunlight for many days, the battery storage energy can not meet the output power supply, the system can automatically switch to AC power supply, because the DC side without interruption switch, AC output without interruption phenomenon;   6, friendly man-machine interface, perfect monitoring function, the system uses large touch LCD screen, easy to control, intuitive display;  

Three, system adaptation field  

1, home power supply: especially suitable for independent living families, such as urban villa areas, rural families.  To city dweller village, the household that lives in the top floor or the family with bigger private balcony is more appropriate also;  

2, school power supply: especially suitable for primary and secondary schools and kindergartens, in these places, generally during the day more electricity, and electricity consumption is not large;  

3, hospital power supply: can be integrated with the hospital emergency power supply system, can effectively improve the reliability and economy of the hospital emergency power supply;  

4, urban community public power supply: can be installed in the public part of the urban community, access to the community of public electricity room, as the community of public electricity use;  

3, government departments, enterprises and institutions office building power supply: centralized installation in the top floor of the office building, as a public power access building low-voltage power distribution cabinet.