如果說火爆的儲(chǔ)能行業(yè)堪比新能源賽道上的皇冠，那么工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能就是皇冠上的明珠。

 提及儲(chǔ)能，人們習(xí)慣更多地關(guān)注源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲(chǔ)能電站（大儲(chǔ)）身上，探討發(fā)電側(cè)配儲(chǔ)、利用率、共享儲(chǔ)能模式等話題，但其實(shí)在國(guó)內(nèi)，從收入模式和耦合性上考量，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的增長(zhǎng)潛力和市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)，要遠(yuǎn)比大儲(chǔ)、戶儲(chǔ)更為誘人。

 目前，大儲(chǔ)占了國(guó)內(nèi)儲(chǔ)能市場(chǎng)近90%的份額，其中共享儲(chǔ)能約20%左右，剩下10%的蛋糕是用戶側(cè)儲(chǔ)能，包括工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能、戶儲(chǔ)。國(guó)外則完全不一樣，海外市場(chǎng)則以用戶側(cè)儲(chǔ)能為主，尤其是在美國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利等國(guó)家。2022年，歐洲戶儲(chǔ)增速高達(dá)71%，新增裝機(jī)3.9GWh，德國(guó)、意大利、英國(guó)、奧地利位列前四位。特別是德國(guó)戶用光伏的配儲(chǔ)率高達(dá)70%，位居全球第一。

這也不意外，高電價(jià)國(guó)家，或者電網(wǎng)設(shè)施薄弱的地區(qū)，戶用儲(chǔ)能往往發(fā)展較快。顯然，中國(guó)居民生活用電價(jià)格較低，并沒完全執(zhí)行分時(shí)電價(jià)政策，且電能穩(wěn)定性較高，限制了戶儲(chǔ)市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展空間。

 

在中國(guó)，工商業(yè)反哺居民生活用電，一直心照不宣，居民生活用電低價(jià)的“雷打不動(dòng)”是靠工商業(yè)用電的“彈性”來保障的，包括輸配電成本、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用等，均由工商業(yè)分?jǐn)?。這意味著工商業(yè)用電的分時(shí)電價(jià)政策、峰谷價(jià)差會(huì)更為劇烈地變化，由工商業(yè)分?jǐn)傦L(fēng)光新能源并網(wǎng)所帶來的更高的運(yùn)行費(fèi)、損益費(fèi)。

 

于是，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的商業(yè)邏輯越來越“硬核”。

 

同為儲(chǔ)能，工商業(yè)大不同

隨著中國(guó)各地峰谷價(jià)差進(jìn)一步拉大，疊加鋰電池成本下降，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能IRR(內(nèi)部收益率)穩(wěn)步提升，經(jīng)濟(jì)性越來越明顯。工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能成為儲(chǔ)能賽道中增速最快的分支。

 

表面看，儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)都是由電池、PCS變流器、BMS、EMS及其他電氣電路和保護(hù)、監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)、消防等幾大部分組成，但實(shí)際上，源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲(chǔ)能與工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能在系統(tǒng)側(cè)重、商業(yè)邏輯、收入模式方面存在著很大區(qū)別。

 

工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的集成度更強(qiáng)，會(huì)采用儲(chǔ)能一體柜的形態(tài)，而非大儲(chǔ)的集裝箱。工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的容量相對(duì)要小一些，因?yàn)楦嗟厥菨M足企業(yè)用戶光伏自發(fā)自用、降低用電成本，基本不參與電網(wǎng)調(diào)度，所以對(duì)系統(tǒng)控制的要求遠(yuǎn)低于源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲(chǔ)能。

比如電池方面，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能不要求響應(yīng)速度，更看重成本、循環(huán)充放電次數(shù)，所以通常為能量型電池，而非功率型的動(dòng)力電池，后者需要參與調(diào)頻、緊急備用等電力輔助服務(wù)，響應(yīng)時(shí)間的要求更高。能量型電池更為持久，不需要太高的倍率，一般為2C左右，更像是馬拉松選手，而功率型電池就如短跑，需要的是爆發(fā)力。在電池管理精細(xì)度方面，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能電池系統(tǒng)不需要過于復(fù)雜、分層分級(jí)的管理策略，甚至部分PCS兼具BMS的功能。

 

再來看PCS（儲(chǔ)能變流器），工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能PCS的功能要簡(jiǎn)單得多，更容易與電池系統(tǒng)一體化集成，適用于鋰電池、LEP等串并聯(lián)需求，單向充放電，對(duì)分布式光伏逆變器的適配性和耦合性更強(qiáng)。大儲(chǔ)的PCS還要具備一次調(diào)頻、功率快速響應(yīng)能力，用于電網(wǎng)支撐功能。從個(gè)頭上看，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能PCS更小巧。

 

EMS（能量管理系統(tǒng)）也是同樣的道理，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的能量管理系統(tǒng)屬于基礎(chǔ)版，側(cè)重于局域網(wǎng)的本地能量管理，而大儲(chǔ)則需要具備電網(wǎng)調(diào)度接口，支持多種通信規(guī)約，滿足源網(wǎng)荷儲(chǔ)等多能互補(bǔ)的能量管理和監(jiān)控。

 

從收入來源上看，新能源配儲(chǔ)更多依賴于平滑并網(wǎng)，減少棄風(fēng)棄光，很少參與輔助服務(wù)；獨(dú)立儲(chǔ)能電站（含共享儲(chǔ)能）的收入方式更為多元，包括容量租賃、電力輔助服務(wù)、峰谷差套利、容量補(bǔ)償?shù)取Ｏ啾?，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的價(jià)值更加多維。

 

從應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景、收入模式上看，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能可以單獨(dú)配置儲(chǔ)能，也可以光儲(chǔ)一體，甚至與微電網(wǎng)耦合在一起，收入來源上也有很多：

 

比如峰谷價(jià)差套利，在電價(jià)谷時(shí)充電，峰時(shí)或尖峰時(shí)向電網(wǎng)放電獲利，度電收益達(dá)到0.7元/Kwh，降低用電成本；提高光伏發(fā)電的自發(fā)自用率，在光伏大發(fā)時(shí)，暫時(shí)將電能儲(chǔ)存在電池中，光伏發(fā)電不足時(shí)，電池中的電能釋放出來供負(fù)荷使用；此外，需量管理也是工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵調(diào)整能力，變壓器容量在315千伏安及以上的大工業(yè)用電采用兩部制電價(jià)，即電量電價(jià)+容量電價(jià)，前者是剛性的，但配備儲(chǔ)能的話，容量或需量就能降下來，壓縮容量電價(jià)成本；此外，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能也會(huì)涉及到部分電力現(xiàn)貨市場(chǎng)、電力輔助服務(wù)，但通常較少。

3060

利好刺激，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能起飛

源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲(chǔ)能基本上是大塊頭的生意，容量大，投資額大，更多的是電網(wǎng)公司、發(fā)電企業(yè)的五大四小的少數(shù)派游戲，而且是典型的買方市場(chǎng)，變現(xiàn)渠道主要是電力輔助服務(wù)，提供備用、調(diào)峰調(diào)頻、爬坡、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量、黑啟動(dòng)等服務(wù)。

 

從政策紅利和友好度來衡量，近年來，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的利好刺激顯然要強(qiáng)于大儲(chǔ)，主要是分時(shí)電價(jià)政策的推進(jìn)，峰谷價(jià)差的繼續(xù)拉大。

 

2023年上半年，廣東、浙江、江蘇等在內(nèi)多地，密集調(diào)整工商業(yè)分時(shí)電價(jià)，同時(shí)馬上入夏，再次面臨去年高溫限電、損益電價(jià)分?jǐn)偨o工商業(yè)帶來的用電成本飛漲，分布式光伏、工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的裝機(jī)需求進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。以2023年第一季度為例，分布式光伏安裝18.13GW，其中工商業(yè)占了半壁江山，江蘇、浙江排在前兩位。

而且，這一輪分時(shí)電價(jià)調(diào)整，重點(diǎn)是峰值時(shí)段和尖峰電價(jià)的調(diào)整，進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化了峰值時(shí)段劃分，像四川上午峰值時(shí)段增至2小時(shí)，讓工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能可以做到兩充兩放，提升了儲(chǔ)能投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)性；其次是尖峰電價(jià)的上漲，如江蘇、四川、北京的尖峰電價(jià)設(shè)置為高峰電價(jià)基礎(chǔ)上浮20%，進(jìn)一步拉大了峰谷價(jià)差，儲(chǔ)能收益相應(yīng)增加。

 

此外，工商業(yè)的分布式光伏與儲(chǔ)能的組合還有“天時(shí)地利”之和。在全天時(shí)段中，中午太陽能輻射強(qiáng)度高，光伏發(fā)電出力大，但這個(gè)時(shí)段電價(jià)較低，越是光伏裝機(jī)量大的地區(qū)，中午電價(jià)越低，電力現(xiàn)貨市場(chǎng)更如此。這時(shí)就需要配置一定容量的儲(chǔ)能，午間存儲(chǔ)大發(fā)的光伏發(fā)電量，將電能搬移到下午的高峰或尖峰時(shí)段，既消納了光伏發(fā)電，又能賺取更高的差價(jià)收益，或者在尖峰段降低用電成本。

 

能鏈研究院進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單測(cè)算，以浙江10MW/20MWH規(guī)模的工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目為例，在一充一放、原有分時(shí)電價(jià)機(jī)制下，儲(chǔ)能的投資回收周期在8年以上，經(jīng)濟(jì)性一般，因此投資意愿低。但在新的分時(shí)電價(jià)機(jī)制下，按國(guó)網(wǎng)浙江發(fā)布的2023年6月代理工商業(yè)用戶購(gòu)電價(jià)格核算，尖峰電價(jià)1.71元/度，高峰電價(jià)1.43元/度，低谷電價(jià)0.46元/度，峰谷最大價(jià)差1.25元，4-5年就能回收成本。

如果是單一的峰谷價(jià)差套利的工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目，LCOE成本是一道生死線，0.7元/度的峰谷價(jià)差，IRR能達(dá)到9.82%，這個(gè)時(shí)候，投資儲(chǔ)能是具備可操作性的。

 

可以預(yù)見，隨著分時(shí)電價(jià)政策在各省市的推進(jìn)，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能進(jìn)入正向盈利的省份地區(qū)越來越多，這必將刺激市場(chǎng)端更多儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目投建的積極性，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能將成為國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)緊急備電、維持正常經(jīng)營(yíng)、降低電費(fèi)支出的重要手段。

融合性高，想象空間巨大

而且工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能以上收益測(cè)算并未考慮到補(bǔ)貼收益，目前，無論是稅收、市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入等，各地都在鼓勵(lì)工商業(yè)用戶建設(shè)儲(chǔ)能電站，這些政策在一定程度上降低了儲(chǔ)能總體的投資和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。

目前，全國(guó)正在實(shí)施的補(bǔ)貼政策多達(dá)30項(xiàng)，向用戶側(cè)且注重分布式光伏耦合的項(xiàng)目?jī)A斜，補(bǔ)貼方式包括容量補(bǔ)貼、放電補(bǔ)貼、投資補(bǔ)貼。比如合肥對(duì)1MW以上的項(xiàng)目按放電量給予0.3元/Kwh的補(bǔ)貼，連續(xù)補(bǔ)貼2年；深圳鼓勵(lì)數(shù)據(jù)中心、5G基站、充電設(shè)施、工業(yè)園區(qū)等布局儲(chǔ)能，按實(shí)際放電量0.2元/Kwh補(bǔ)貼；江蘇無錫則按容量補(bǔ)貼，直接按裝機(jī)量給一次性0.1元/W，浙江多地的容量補(bǔ)貼則按0.2元/W、0.18元/W逐級(jí)退坡。

 

不僅僅有額外補(bǔ)貼收益，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能被持續(xù)看好，還在于其具有更好的耦合性和融合性，不僅僅是單一配置儲(chǔ)能的場(chǎng)景。工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的商業(yè)模式更具延展性，可以與光伏分布式發(fā)電、微電網(wǎng)、能源管理、充電樁及充電站、虛擬電廠等新型能源消費(fèi)形式融合在一起，帶來更多元的收入模式，就具備了更大的想象空間。

 

相比大儲(chǔ)，工商業(yè)的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景更為豐富，可廣泛應(yīng)用在工業(yè)廠房、商業(yè)樓宇、園區(qū)、數(shù)據(jù)中心、基站、電動(dòng)汽車充電站、礦區(qū)/油田等場(chǎng)景。其中，在社會(huì)用電量中占比越來越高的EV充電站對(duì)配置儲(chǔ)能的剛性需求越來越大。

 

能鏈研究院預(yù)計(jì)，2030年電動(dòng)汽車公用充電量在社會(huì)用電量中的占比將翻24倍，從2022年的0.16%增至4%。2025年，全國(guó)充電站配建儲(chǔ)能規(guī)模將達(dá)到23GW，投資規(guī)模近千億元。2030年，這一數(shù)字將增至243GW，投資規(guī)模超過8700億元。2023-2030年的CAGR達(dá)64%。未來，光儲(chǔ)充將成為充電站的標(biāo)配。

 

工業(yè)用電約占到全社會(huì)用電量的66%，即便未來20%的廠房、園區(qū)等配套儲(chǔ)能，整個(gè)工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能的容量將會(huì)是數(shù)萬億的市場(chǎng)。

 

如潛龍?jiān)跍Y，蓄勢(shì)待發(fā)，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能正成為儲(chǔ)能賽道中最具潛力的分支，也吸引了各路力量的參與。

 

從工商業(yè)企業(yè)用戶、分布式能源投資商到虛擬電廠、充電樁投資及充電服務(wù)商、售電公司等均躍躍欲試，開始投資工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目。

 

比如新能源服務(wù)商能鏈智電（NASDAQ：NAAS）與儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)集成商和服務(wù)提供商海博思創(chuàng)成立合資公司能鏈海博，還戰(zhàn)略投資了工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能創(chuàng)新企業(yè)樂駕（后更名為樂創(chuàng)），就在于能形成用戶側(cè)的充電服務(wù)、儲(chǔ)能、光伏、虛擬電廠一體化解決方案，既能峰谷價(jià)差套利，降低充電站用電成本，又能進(jìn)入電力交易市場(chǎng)，參與需求側(cè)響應(yīng)。

 

著眼更長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的未來，工商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能一定是比拼融合性、智能化水平，單一形態(tài)的會(huì)越來越少。如何在復(fù)雜、多目標(biāo)、高度集成的系統(tǒng)上進(jìn)行智能化調(diào)節(jié)和運(yùn)營(yíng)，最終取得最高的效率、最大的收益，技術(shù)與商業(yè)模式上的創(chuàng)新是一道分水嶺，也會(huì)是終極玩家們追求的目標(biāo)。

More and more hardcore industrial and commercial energy storage, finally about to take off?
If the hot energy storage industry is comparable to the crown on the new energy track, then industrial and commercial energy storage is the crown jewel.

When it comes to energy storage, people are used to paying more attention to the source-side energy storage power station (large storage), discussing topics such as power generation side distribution, utilization, and shared energy storage mode, but in fact, in China, from the perspective of income model and coupling, the growth potential and market opportunities of industrial and commercial energy storage are far more attractive than large savings and household savings.

At present, large reserves account for nearly 90% of the domestic energy storage market, of which about 20% of shared energy storage, and the remaining 10% of the cake is user-side energy storage, including industrial and commercial energy storage and household storage. Foreign countries are completely different, and overseas markets are dominated by user-side energy storage, especially in the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries. In 2022, the growth rate of European household storage will be as high as 71%, with 3.9GWh of new installed capacity, with Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and Austria ranking in the top four. In particular, the distribution and storage rate of German household photovoltaics is as high as 70%, ranking first in the world.

This is not surprising. In countries with high electricity prices or areas with weak power grid facilities, household energy storage often develops rapidly. Obviously, the domestic electricity prices of Chinese residents are relatively low, and the time of use electricity price policy has not been fully implemented, and the stability of electricity is high, which limits the development space of the household storage market.
In China, industry and commerce have been secretly supporting residents' electricity consumption. The low price of electricity consumption for residents is guaranteed by the "elasticity" of industry and commerce, including transmission and distribution costs, operating expenses, etc., which are shared by industry and commerce. This means that the time of use electricity price policy and peak valley price difference for industrial and commercial electricity will undergo more drastic changes, and the higher operating and profit and loss costs brought by the grid connection of wind and solar new energy will be shared by industry and commerce.
As a result, the business logic of energy storage in the industrial and commercial sector is becoming increasingly "hardcore".
Both for energy storage, industry and commerce are vastly different
As the price difference between peak and valley prices in various parts of China further widens, coupled with a decrease in lithium battery costs, the internal rate of return (IRR) of industrial and commercial energy storage has steadily increased, and the economy is becoming increasingly evident. Industrial and commercial energy storage has become the fastest growing branch of the energy storage track.
On the surface, energy storage systems are composed of batteries, PCS converters, BMS, EMS, and other electrical circuits, as well as protection, monitoring systems, fire protection, etc. However, in reality, there are significant differences in system focus, business logic, and revenue models between source network side energy storage and industrial and commercial energy storage.
The integration of industrial and commercial energy storage is stronger, and the form of energy storage integrated cabinets will be adopted instead of large storage containers. The capacity of industrial and commercial energy storage is relatively smaller because it mainly meets the spontaneous use of photovoltaic energy by enterprise users, reduces electricity costs, and does not participate in grid scheduling. Therefore, the requirements for system control are far lower than those for energy storage on the source network side.
For example, in terms of batteries, industrial and commercial energy storage does not require response speed, but rather focuses on cost and cycle charging and discharging times. Therefore, they are usually energy type batteries rather than power type power batteries, which require participation in power auxiliary services such as frequency regulation and emergency backup, with higher requirements for response time. Energy based batteries are more durable and do not require too high magnification, usually around 2C, making them more like marathon runners, while power based batteries, like sprints, require explosive power. In terms of battery management precision, industrial and commercial energy storage battery systems do not require overly complex and hierarchical management strategies, and some PCS even have the functions of BMS.
Then look at PCS (energy storage converter). The function of industrial and commercial energy storage PCS is much simpler, and it is easier to integrate with the battery system. It is suitable for the series parallel connection requirements of lithium batteries, LEPs, and so on. It is unidirectional charging and discharging, and has stronger adaptability and coupling to distributed Solar inverter. The PCS of Dashu also needs to have primary frequency regulation and fast power response capabilities for power grid support functions. Overall, the industrial and commercial energy storage PCS are smaller and more compact.
The same applies to EMS (Energy Management System). The energy management system for industrial and commercial energy storage belongs to the basic version, focusing on local energy management in the local area network, while the large storage needs to have a power grid scheduling interface, support multiple communication protocols, and meet the complementary energy management and monitoring of source network load storage.
From the perspective of income sources, new energy distribution and storage rely more on smooth grid connection, reducing
Positive stimulus, industrial and commercial energy storage taking off
The energy storage at the source network side is basically a large business, with large capacity and large investment. It is more a minority game of five major and four small power grid companies and power generation enterprises, and it is a typical buyer's market. The realization channel is mainly auxiliary power services, providing backup, peak shaving, frequency modulation, climbing, Moment of inertia, black start and other services.
From the perspective of policy dividends and friendliness, in recent years, the positive incentives for industrial and commercial energy storage have clearly been stronger than those for large-scale storage, mainly due to the promotion of the time of use electricity price policy and the continued widening of peak valley price differences.
In the first half of 2023, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and other regions, including China, have intensively adjusted the time-of-use electricity prices for industry and commerce. At the same time, as summer approaches, they are once again facing the skyrocketing electricity costs caused by last year's high temperature power restrictions and profit and loss electricity price sharing. The installation demand for distributed photovoltaic and industrial and commercial energy storage has further increased. Taking the first quarter of 2023 as an example, 18.13 GW of distributed photovoltaic installations were installed, with industry and commerce accounting for half of the total, while Jiangsu and Zhejiang ranked in the top two.
Moreover, this round of time of use electricity price adjustment focuses on the adjustment of peak and peak electricity prices, further optimizing the division of peak periods, such as increasing the peak period in Sichuan to 2 hours in the morning, allowing industrial and commercial energy storage to achieve two charging and two discharging, improving the economy of energy storage investment; Secondly, there has been an increase in peak electricity prices. For example, the peak electricity prices in Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Beijing have been set at a 20% increase in peak electricity prices, further widening the peak valley price gap and correspondingly increasing energy storage profits.
In addition, the combination of distributed photovoltaics and energy storage in industry and commerce also has a combination of "favorable timing and location". In the whole day period, the Radiant intensity intensity of solar energy is high at noon and the output of photovoltaic power generation is large, but the electricity price is low in this period. The more photovoltaic installed capacity is, the lower the electricity price is at noon, especially in the Spot market. At this point, it is necessary to configure a certain capacity of energy storage to store the large amount of photovoltaic power generated during the afternoon, and move the energy to the peak or peak period in the afternoon. This not only absorbs photovoltaic power generation, but also earns higher price difference profits, or reduces electricity costs during peak periods.
The Energy Chain Research Institute conducted a simple calculation, taking the industrial and commercial energy storage project with a scale of 10MW/20MWH in Zhejiang as an example. Under the original time of use electricity price mechanism of one charging and one discharging, the investment recovery period of energy storage is more than 8 years, and the economy is average. Therefore, the investment intention is low. However, under the new time of use electricity pricing mechanism, according to the June 2023 purchasing price calculation for industrial and commercial users released by State Grid Zhejiang, the peak electricity price is 1.71 yuan/kWh, the peak electricity price is 1.43 yuan/kWh, the low valley electricity price is 0.46 yuan/kWh, and the maximum price difference between peak and valley is 1.25 yuan. The cost can be recovered within 4-5 years.
If it is a single peak valley price difference arbitrage industrial and commercial energy storage project, the LCOE cost is a lifeline. With a peak valley price difference of 0.7 yuan/degree, the IRR can reach 9.82%. At this time, investing in energy storage is feasible.
It can be foreseen that with the promotion of the time of use electricity price policy in various provinces and cities, more and more industrial and commercial energy storage will enter provinces and regions with positive profits, which will stimulate the enthusiasm of more energy storage projects in the market. Industrial and commercial energy storage will become an emergency backup for domestic enterprises, maintain normal operation, and reduce electricity consumption